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Picture Index


A pictorial index to species gallery photos. Hover over for species name. Click to see the picture.
Natural variation, environmental influences and whether the lichen is wet or dry make it difficult to place a species within the categories shown below with certainty. This is especially true for the colour of the apothecium, the colour of the thallus and whether it is fertile or sterile. These factors need to be taken into account when using this picture index. Please let me know if you find any mistakes.

Shortcuts:-non-thalline apothecia  lirellae/star-shaped apothecia  perithecia   sterile crusts  stalked and pin lichens  Squamulose lichens   Leafy lichens  Jelly lichens  Bushy lichens  

Crustose lichens

Apothecia with a thalline margin.


Apothecia white, cream or pale coloured (& all fertile Pertusaria species)


Lecanora rupicola Lecanora conferta Lecanora crenulata Lecanora dispersa Lecanora albescens Lecanora carpinea Lecanora polytropa Lecanora intricata Lecanora conizaeoides Lecanora sublivescens Lecanora soralifera Lecanora intumescens Lecanora symmicta Lecanora varia Lecanora sulphurea Lecanora carpinea Lecanora sinuosa Lecanora albella Caloplaca variabilis Caloplaca chalybaea Ochrolechia frigida Ochrolechia parella Ochrolechia szatalaensis Ochrolechia tartarea Ochrolechia subviridis Pertusaria leioplaca Pertusaria hymenea Pertusaria pertusa Pertusaria pseudocorallina fertile Pertusaria corallina fertile Pertusaria multipuncta Pertusaria hemisphaerica Pertusaria ophthalmiza Pertusaria velata Pertusaria pustulata Pertusaria pluripuncta Thelotrema lepadinum Thelotrema petractoides Lecanactis abietina fertile Dirina massiliensis Ramonia chrysophaea Solenopsora liparina

Apothecia orange


Caloplaca crenularia Caloplaca littorea Caloplaca holocarpa Caloplaca flavocitrina Caloplaca aurantia Caloplaca saxicola Caloplaca thallincola Caloplaca verruculifera Caloplaca citrina Caloplaca flavescens Caloplaca marina Caloplaca arnoldii Caloplaca cirrochroa Caloplaca decipiens Caloplaca chlorina Caloplaca luteoalba Caloplaca ferruginea Caloplaca 2 ochracea Caloplaca cerina Caloplaca cerinella Caloplaca oasis Caloplaca ruderum Caloplaca lactea Caloplaca dichroa Caloplaca Caloplaca suaedae Caloplaca phlogena Caloplaca ulcerosa Caloplaca haematites Caloplaca pyracea Candelariella vitellina Candelariella medians

Apothecia red to brown


Lecanora saligna Lecanora fugiens Lecanora zosterae Gyalecta ulmi Lecanora pulicaris Lecanora chlarotera Lecanora quercicola Lecanora campestris Lecanora argentata Lecanora cinereofusca Lecanora intumescens Lecanora persimilis Ophioparma ventosa f subfestiva Ophioparma ventosa f ventosa Lecania aipospila Lecania subfuscula Lecania cyrtella Lecania inundata Protoparmelia ochrococca Trapelia glebulosa Moelleropsis nebulosa Vahliella atlantica Trapeliopsis granulosa Lecanora muralis Hymenelia epulotica Ionaspis lacustris Ameliella andreaeicola Placopsis lambii Fuscopannaria ignobilis Acarospora cervina Acarospora fuscata Haematomma ochroleucum

Apothecia very dark to black


Lecanora atrosulphurea Protoparmelia badia Protoparmelia oleagina Tephromela atra Tephromela atra var torulosa Clauzadeana macula Diploschistes gypsaceus Diploschistes scruposus Diploschistes muscorum Lecanora swartzii Lecanora gangaleoides Lecanora sulphurea Lecania rabenhorstii Lecanora farinaria Lecanora leptacina Lecanora agardhiana Rinodina oleae Rinodina sophodes Rinodina roboris Diplotomma alboatrum Diplotomma alboatrum Diplotomma murorum Trapelia coarctata Aspicilia caesiocinerea Aspicilia calcarea Aspicilia leprosescens Aspicilia radiosa Aspicilia contorta Solenopsora candicans Megaspora verrucosa Caloplaca chalybaea Schismatomma graphidioides Roselliniella sp Lecania atrynoides

Apothecia without a thalline margin or difficult to decide (may be immersed in thallus).


Apothecia white, cream or pale coloured


Fellhanera bouteillei Scoliciosporum pruinosum Micarea alabastrites Bacidia arnoldiana Bacidia squamellosa Bacidia delicata Vezdaea cobria Vezdaea rheocarpa Vezdaea aestivalis Lecania cuprea Dimerella pineti

Apothecia orange


Protoblastenia rupestris Protoblastenia incrustans Protoblastenia calva Dimerella lutea Pachyphiale carneola Biatorella fossarum Gyalecta jenensis Gyalecta truncigena Petractis clausa Agyrium rufum Caloplaca ochracea Piccolia ochrophora

Apothecia red to brown


Miriquidica leucophaea Acarospora fuscata Acarospora smaragdula Acarospora nitrophila Mycobilimbia pilularis Micarea prasina Porocyphus kenmorensis Bacidia assulata Bacidia saxenii Biatora vernalis Sarcosagium campestre campestre Lecidoma demissum Vezdaea aestivalis Lecidea hypopta Sarcogyne privigna

Apothecia very dark to black


Lecanora sulphurea Fuscidea cyathoides Fuscidea lightfootii Fuscidea kochiana Fuscidea lygaea Fuscidea austera Cyphelium inquinans Miriquidica nigroleprosa Porpidia cinereoatra Porpidia striata Porpidia speirea Porpidia platycarpoides Porpidia flavocruenta Porpidia islandica Porpidia nadvornikiana Porpidia pachythallina Porpidia superba-sorediata Porpidia crustulata Porpidia melinodes Lecidea fuliginosa Lecidea fuscoatra Lecidea grisella Lecidea lithophila Lecidea hypnorum Lecidea lapicida Lecidea turgidula Lecidea lactea Miriquidica pycnocarpa Miriquidica pycnocarpa f sorediata Bilimbia sabuletorum Bilimbia lobulata Megalaria pulverea Megalaria grossa Megalaria laureri Sarcogyne regularis Carbonea assimilis Cyphelium tigillare Hertelidea botryosa Mycoblastis sanguinarius Strangospora moriformis Lopadium disciforme Rhizocarpon geographicum Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides Rhizocarpon petraeum Rhizocarpon furfurosum Rhizocarpon reductum Rhizocarpon ridescens Rhizocarpon cinereovirens Rhizocarpon oederi Tremolecia atrata Clauzadea monticola Clauzadea immersa Placynthium nigrum Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola Catillaria chalybeia Catillaria lenticularis Lecidella elaeochroma Lecidella stigmatea Lecidella scabra Lecidella asema Lecidella carpathica Scoliciosporum umbrinum Scoliciosporum chlorococcum Micarea melaena Micarea lignaria Micarea prasinella Micarea peliocarpa Micarea erratica Micarea denigrata Protomicarea limosa Schismatomma decolorans Buellia aethalea Buellia disciformis Buellia stellulata Buellia hyperbolica Aspicilia caesiocinerea Aspicilia calcarea Aspicilia leprosescens Aspicilia contorta Aspicilia contorta hoffmanniana Aspicilia grisea Carbonea vitellinaria Polysporina subfuscescens Polysporina simplex Cresponea premnea Acarospora sinopica Amandinea punctata Amandinea lecideina Bacidia incompta Bacidia laurocerasi Bacidia scopulicola Bacidia inundata Bacidia egenula Placynthiella icmalea Placynthiella uliginosa Melaspilea ochrothalamia Pyrrhospora quernea Catolechia wahlenbergii Schaereria cinereorufa Schaereria fuscocinerea Byssoloma leucoblepharum Gomphillus calycioides Epilichen scabrosus Caloplaca obscurella Sagiolechia protuberans Toninia episema Jamesiella anastomosans Psilolechia clavulifera Calvitimela armeniaca Farnoldia jurana Pycnora xanthococca Frutidella caesioatra Bactrospora homalotropa Xerotrema megalospora Xerotrema quercicola Mniaecia jungermanniae Rimularia gyrizans Gyalidiopsis crenulata

Apothecia 'Arthonioid'


Arthonia anombrophila Arthonia cinnabarina Arthonia vinosa Arthonia pruinata Arthonia spadicea Arthonia leucopellaea Arthonia arthonioides Arthonia radiata Arthonia zwackhii Arthonia ilicina Arthonia stellaris Arthonia excipienda Arthonia elegans Arthothelium ruanum

Apothecia elongated/star-shaped (lirellae).


Xylographa parallela Xylographa vitiligo Graphis scripta Graphis elegans Graphina anguina Graphina pauciloculata Graphina ruiziana Phaeographis dendritica Phaeographis smithii Opegrapha atra Opegrapha gyrocarpa Opegrapha vulgata Opegrapha varia Opegrapha pulvinata Opegrapha ochrocheila Opegrapha calcarea Opegrapha dolomitica Opegrapha vermicellifera Opegrapha rupestris Opegrapha thelotrematis Opegrapha xerica Opegrapha subelevata Opegrapha areniseda Opegrapha prosodea Opegrapha viridipruinosa Enterographa crassa Enterographa elaborata Enterographa hutchinsiae Enterographa brezhonega Enterographa pitardii Melaspilea lentiginosa Melaspilea atroides Lecanographa amylacea Lecanographa dialeuca Lecanographa grumulosa Lecanographa lyncea

Perithecia (tiny flask-shaped ascomata).


Pyrenula macrospora Pyrenula nitida Pyrenula occidentalis Pyrenula hibernica Pyrenula chlorospila Pyrenula laevigata Pyrenula acutispora Thelidium papulare Thelidium decipiens Thelopsis rubella Thelocarpon olivaceum Thelocarpon coccosporum Anisomeridium ranunculosporum Anisomeridium biforme Anisomeridium polipori Verrucaria amphibia Verrucaria nigrescens Verrucaria mucosa Placopyrenium fuscellum Verrucaria maura Verrucaria pinguicula Verrucaria caerulea Verrucaria latericola Verrucaria baldensis Bagliettoa calciseda Porina aenea Porina linearis Porina borreri Porina hibernica Arthopyrenia analepta Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa Arthopyrenia salicis Arthopyrenia platypyrenia Strigula tagananae Strigula taylorii Mycoporum lacteum Mycoporum antecellens Acrocordia conoidea Acrocordia gemmata Agonimia tristicula Agonimia globulifera Psoroglaena stigonemoides Phylloblastia inexpectata Eopyrenula grandicula Collemopsidium foveolatum Collemopsidium sublitorale Normandina acroglypta Thrombium epigaeum Polyblastia agraria

Sterile crusts - fruiting bodies absent


With isidia (tiny finger-like projections)


Pertusaria corallina Pertusaria pseudocorallina Rimularia furvella Rimularia intercedens Porina rosei Porina rosei Porina hibernica Pertusaria coccodes Pertusaria oculata Pertusaria flavida Caloplaca chlorina

With soredia (tiny powdery areas)


Pertusaria albescens Pertusaria albescens var corallina Pertusaria amara Pertusaria borealis Pertusaria lactea Pertusaria aspergilla Pertusaria excludens Pertusaria hemisphaerica Pertusaria pluripuncta Lecanora pannonica Lecanora jamesii Lecanora barkmaniana Lecanora soralifera Lecanora expallens Lecanora farinaria Lecanora orosthea Lecanora campestris dolomitica Ochrolechia turneri Ochrolechia androgyna Ochrolechia inaequatula Ochrolechia microstictoides Phlyctis argena Phlyctis agelaea Porpidia soredizodes Porpidia tuberculosa Porpidia tuberculosa purple tinged Porpidia rugosa Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa Trapeliopsis granulosa Trapeliopsis flexuosa Haematomma ochroleucum var porphyrium Mycoblastus caesius Violella fucata Loxospora elatina Dirina massiliensis Trapelia corticola Trapelia obtegens Trapelia placodioides Rinodina efflorescens Lecidea nylanderi Enterographa sorediata Llimonaea sorediata Belonia nidarosiensis Micarea coppinsii Schismatomma decolorans Buellia violaceofusca Buellia griseovirens Aspicilia grisea Biatora chrysantha Mycobilimbia epixanthoides Diploicia canescens Placopsis lambii Placopsis gelida Solenopsora vulturiensis Bacidia viridifarinosa Megalospora tuberculosa Sclerococcum griseisporodochium Caloplaca teicholyta Stereocaulon leucophaeopsis Caloplaca cirrochroa Caloplaca decipiens Caloplaca obscurella Candelariella medians Cliostomum flavidulum Pycnora sorophora Opegrapha corticola Chrysothrix flavovirens Fuscidea gothoburgensis Fuscidea praeruptorum Megalaria pulverea Schismatomma umbrinum Schismatomma quercicola

Powder lichens (leprose crusts)


Chrysothrix candelaris Chrysothrix chlorina Lepraria rigidula Lepraria membranacea Psilolechia leprosa Psilolechia lucida Lepraria nivalis Lepraria membranacea Lepraria rigidula Lepraria ecorticata Lepraria lobificans Lepraria incana Caloplaca xantholyta Chaenotheca stemonea Botryolepraria lesdainii Caloplaca chrysodeta Micarea xanthonica

With pycnidia, sporodochia or hyphophores (tiny peg-like, dot-like or scale-like structures)


Gyalidiopsis muscicola Lecanactis abietina Lecanactis subabietina Micarea stipitata Micarea hedlundii Opegrapha vermicellifera Biatora veteranorum Bacidia sulphurella Jamesiella anastomosans Tylophoron hibernicum Tylophoron hibernicum

Not as above


Ochrolechia frigida Bacidia squamellosa Lichenomphalia alpina thallus Candelariella coralliza Pertusaria pluripuncta


Fruiting body stalked or mushroom-like.


Baeomyces rufus Dibaeis baeomyces Lichenomphalia alpina fruit Lichenomphalia umbellifera Multiclavula vernalis


Pin lichens (crusts with small pin-head fruits)


Calicium glaucellum Calicium salicinum Calicium corynellum Calicium hyperelloides Calicium viride Chaenotheca brunneola Chaenotheca furfuracea Chaenotheca ferruginea Chaenotheca trichialis Chaenotheca chrysocephala Chaenotheca gracilenta Sclerophora peronella Chaenotheca hispidula Pilophorus strumaticus Gomphillus calycioides Stenocybe nitida Sphinctrina tubiformis


Squamulose lichens (small to tiny flakes)


Hypocenomyce scalaris Hypocenomyce friesii Lichenomphalia hudsoniana Normandina pulchella Toninia sedifolia Toninia aromatica Toninia verrucarioides Lopadium disciforme Agonimia tristicula Parmeliella parvula triptophylla Psoroma hypnorum Protopannaria pezizoides Squamarina cartilaginea Squamarina lentigera Catapyrenium cinereum Placidium squamulosum Catapyrenium psoromoides Acarospora cervina Solenopsora holophaea Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa Fuscopannaria mediterranea Massalongia carnosa Fulgensia fulgens Schaereria cinereorufa Psora decipiens Candelariella reflexa Acarospora moenium Romjularia lurida


Leafy lichens (foliose)


Green to greenish-brown


Lobaria virens Lobaria pulmonaria Peltigera leucophlebia Peltigera britannica Peltigera venosa Peltigera malacea Peltigera didactyla Melanelixia glabratula Melanohalea exasperata Melanohalea exasperatula Melanohalea laciniatula Melanohalea elegantula Melanelixia subaurifera Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla Solorina crocea Solorina saccata Dermatocarpon luridum Catapyrenium psoromoides Pleurosticta acetabulum Pseudocyphellaria aurata

Grey, blue-grey to grey-green


Peltigera collina Parmotrema perlatum Parmotrema crinitum Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum Parmotrema reticulatum Parmotrema robustum Lobaria pulmonaria Parmelia saxatilis Parmelia sulcata Parmelia ernstiae Punctelia reddenda Punctelia borreri Punctelia subrudecta Punctelia jeckeri Parmelina carporrhizans Parmelina pastillifera Parmelina tiliacea Dermatocarpon miniatum Dermatocarpon intestiniforme Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes Dermatocarpon luridum Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Lobaria amplissima Menegazzia terebrata Hypotrachyna laevigata Hypotrachyna taylorensis Hypotrachyna revoluta Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta Hypotrachyna britannica Hypotrachyna sinuosa Xanthoparmelia conspersa Xanthoparmelia mougeotii Phaeophyscia orbicularis Lobaria scrobiculata Hypogymnia physodes Hypogymnia tubulosa Hypogymnia farinacea Evernia prunastri Baeomyces placophyllus Flavoparmelia caperata Parmeliopsis ambigua Parmeliopsis ambigua Parmeliopsis hyperopta Hypogymnia vittata Imshaugia aleurites Heterodermia leucomela Heterodermia obscurata Heterodermia propagulifera Cavernularia hultenii Degelia atlantica Degelia ligulata Degelia cyanoloma Degelia plumbea Physcia tenella Physcia adscendens Physcia tribacioides Physcia tribacia Physcia aipolia Physcia stellaris Physcia clementei Physcia caesia Physconia distorta Physconia grisea Physconia perisidiosa Pseudevernia furfuracea Platismatia glauca Anaptychia ciliaris ciliaris Flavoparmelia soredians Parmelinopsis minarum Parmelinopsis horrescens Arctoparmelia incurva Hyperphyscia adglutinata Cetrelia olivetorum Platismatia norvegica Umbilicaria crustulosa

Brown


Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla Nephroma laevigatum Nephroma parile Nephroma tangeriense Umbilicaria cylindrica Umbilicaria polyrrhiza Umbilicaria torrefacta Umbilicaria deusta Umbilicaria polyphylla Umbilicaria crustulosa Sticta Sylvatica Melanelixia fuliginosa Parmelia discordans Parmelia omphalodes Fuscopannaria sampaiana Sticta fuliginosa Sticta dufourii Xanthoparmelia loxodes Xanthoparmelia verruculifera Lasallia pustulata Allantoparmelia alpicola Anaptychia runcinata Sticta limbata Solorina spongiosa Pseudocyphellaria intricata Pseudocyphellaria lacerata Pseudocyphellaria crocata Platismatia glauca Cetraria islandica Anaptychia ciliaris mamillata Peltigera hymenina Peltigera hymenina Peltigera praetextata Peltigera rufescens Peltigera horizontalis Peltigera membranacea Peltigera polydactylon Peltigera canina Peltigera neckeri Pannaria rubiginosa Pannaria conoplea Placynthium flabellosum Melanelia hepatizon Physconia enteroxantha Melanohalea septentrionalis

Yellow to Orange


Xanthoria parietina Xanthoria calcicola Xanthoria aureola Xanthoria elegans Xanthoria candelaria Xanthoria polycarpa Xanthoria ucrainica Xanthoria ulophyllodes Candelaria concolor Vulpicida pinastri


Jelly lichens


Collema fasciculare Collema crispum Collema auriforme Collema auriforme Collema flaccidum Collema fragile Collema multipartitum Collema furfuraceum Collema subnigrescens Collema subflaccidum Collema fragrans Collema fuscovirens Collema cristatum Collema cristatum var. marginale Collema tenax Leptogium burgessii fertile Leptogium burgessii sterile Leptogium britannicum Leptogium cyanescens Leptogium cochleatum Leptogium lichenoides Leptogium pulvinatum Leptogium plicatile Leptogium palmatum Leptogium tenuissimum Leptogium saturninum Leptogium gelatinosum Leptogium gelatinosum Leptogium brebissonii Leptogium diffractum Leptogium teretiusculum Leptogium masiliense Leptogium schraderi Leptogium subtile Leptogium coralloideum


Bushy lichens (fruticose)


Cladonia lichens with stalked apothecia (podetia)


Cladonia botrytes Cladonia squamosa Cladonia subcervicornis Cladonia sulphurina Cladonia uncialis subsp uncialis Cladonia deformis Cladonia parasitica Cladonia parasitica Cladonia caespiticia Cladonia foliacea Cladonia macilenta Cladonia polydactyla Cladonia polydactyla Cladonia portentosa Cladonia arbuscula Cladonia ramulosa Cladonia rangiformis Cladonia furcata Cladonia uncialis subsp. biuncialis Cladonia coccifera Cladonia fimbriata Cladonia gracilis Cladonia symphycarpia Cladonia bellidiflora Cladonia cariosa Cladonia strepsilis Cladonia humilis Cladonia glauca Cladonia scabriuscula Cladonia ciliata Var. tenuis Cladonia ciliata Var. ciliata Cladonia pocillum Cladonia cornuta Cladonia pleurota Cladonia maxima Cladonia trassii Cladonia callosa Cladonia mediterranea Cladonia zopfii Cladonia subulata Cladonia phyllophora Pycnothelia papillaria

Strap-shaped branches


Ramalina fraxinia Ramalina siliquosa Ramalina cuspidata Ramalina canariensis Ramalina farinacea Ramalina subfarinacea Ramalina fastigiata Ramalina lacera Roccella fuciformis Roccella phycopsis

Beard or hair lichens


Usnea subfloridana Usnea rubicunda Usnea articulata Usnea cornuta Usnea ceratina Usnea filipendula Usnea florida Usnea hirta Usnea glabrescens Bryoria fuscescens Bryoria chalybeiformis Bryoria capillaris Alectoria nigricans Alectoria sarmentosa ssp sarmentosa Alectoria sarmentosa ssp vex

Other bushy lichens


Sphaerophorus fragilis Sphaerophorus globosus Bunodophoron melanocarpum Stereocaulon vesuvianum Stereocaulon pileatum Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Stereocaulon nanodes Stereocaulon glareosum Leprocaulon microscopicum Cetraria aculeata Cetraria muricata Teloschistes flavicans Teloschistes chrysophthalmus Thamnolia vermicularis Cornicularia normoerica Cystocoleus ebeneus Racodium rupestre Lichina confinis Ephebe lanata Synalissa ramulosa Psoroglaena stigonemoides